Thomas Midgley, Jr. invented two chemical technologies: leaded gasoline and chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants, both of which had unexpected averse consequences on the Earth’s atmosphere and are now banned almost worldwide. The health consequences of ingesting lead were known at least 150 years before, when Benjamin Franklin wrote of his experiences with typesetters working with lead type. But that didn’t stop the adoption of leaded gasoline as an automotive and aviation fuel, spewing massive quantities of lead into the atmosphere and causing an estimated decrease in average intelligence by several IQ points in heavily polluted areas.
His second invention, the refrigerant and aerosol propellant marketed under the name Freon, was seen as a miracle: nonflammable, stable, nonreactive, and safe to inhale. Unfortunately, the gas migrated to the stratosphere where it promoted destruction of ozone that protects Earth’s surface from the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation and, being stable, can last more than 100 years in the upper atmosphere.